Non-SEND barriers

Vulnerability Hub

Practical guidance for non-SEND barriers to learning, including poverty-linked vulnerability, exclusion risk, attendance vulnerability, safeguarding risk, wellbeing barriers, and underachievement patterns.

Quick categories

Vulnerability profiles

17 profiles available

Pupil Premium

Pupil Premium signals increased risk of financial and social barriers; it is not a fixed learner type.

You might notice

  • Inconsistent equipment or readiness at lesson start.
  • Homework affected by limited space, devices, or internet.
  • Low-level lateness linked to transport or home pressure.

Do now

  • Start with a no-friction first task and modelled example.
  • Provide private equipment support and move on quickly.
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Poverty / Severe Financial Hardship

Students experiencing financial hardship often carry additional stress and practical barriers that affect readiness, participation, and concentration.

You might notice

  • Missing equipment or incomplete homework linked to access issues.
  • Reluctance to attend trips or enrichment activities.
  • Fatigue or hunger affecting concentration.

Do now

  • Provide equipment discreetly without commentary.
  • Offer printed alternatives where digital access is limited.
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Housing insecurity

Housing insecurity includes temporary accommodation, frequent moves, and overcrowding.

You might notice

  • Frequent lateness linked to transport disruption from temporary accommodation.
  • Repeated missing kit, homework materials, or completed coursework evidence.
  • Fatigue and reduced concentration linked to poor sleep or overcrowding.

Do now

  • Provide immediate no-cost access to all required lesson resources.
  • Use clear first-task modelling to secure a fast start.
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Medical or Chronic Health Needs

Students with chronic or fluctuating health needs require flexibility, predictable routines, and thoughtful workload adjustments to remain included without lowering expectations.

You might notice

  • Frequent absences linked to appointments or flare-ups.
  • Visible fatigue or reduced stamina as the day progresses.
  • Slow processing during periods of pain or medication impact.

Do now

  • Provide a clear, reduced first step if stamina is low.
  • Offer written instructions alongside verbal explanation.
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LAC/Previously LAC

Looked-after and previously looked-after students may need relationally safe, highly consistent support.

You might notice

  • Quick shifts between calm engagement and defensive responses after minor setbacks.
  • Strong reaction to perceived rejection, unfairness, or public correction.
  • Difficulty with transitions, supply staff, or sudden timetable changes.

Do now

  • Start with a calm greeting, clear first step, and visible success criteria.
  • Correct privately and briefly; avoid public challenge and prolonged debate.
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Young Carers

Young carers support a family member with illness, disability, mental health needs, or substance misuse.

You might notice

  • Tiredness, lateness, or low readiness after difficult mornings.
  • Missed deadlines after high-demand evenings at home.
  • Anxiety around sudden changes to routine or communication access.

Do now

  • Use a calm check-in and confirm the first achievable step.
  • Give concise written instructions for rapid re-entry.
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Complex Family Circumstances

Students experiencing complex family pressures often need consistency, emotional steadiness, and reduced uncertainty to remain secure in school.

You might notice

  • Sudden changes in mood or concentration.
  • Irregular routines or late arrival.
  • Increased responsibility at home.

Do now

  • Provide predictable structure and clear expectations.
  • Offer calm correction rather than confrontation.
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Excluded or At Risk of Exclusion

Students at risk of exclusion need firm boundaries, relational repair, and consistent, predictable responses so accountability and belonging remain intact together.

You might notice

  • Repeated serious incidents across different lessons.
  • Escalation after correction rather than de-escalation.
  • Strong reaction to perceived disrespect or loss of status.

Do now

  • Stay calm and neutral in tone.
  • Give clear, brief instructions and defined choices.
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Bullying: Victim of Bullying

Students who are being bullied need immediate safety, consistent adult protection, and structured restoration of confidence and belonging.

You might notice

  • Avoidance of specific peers or locations.
  • Sudden attendance dips.
  • Reluctance to participate publicly.

Do now

  • Ensure immediate safety and supervision.
  • Separate involved students calmly.
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Social Isolation & Peer Relationship Difficulties

Students experiencing social isolation need structured belonging opportunities and adult consistency to prevent disengagement or defensive behaviour.

You might notice

  • Persistent isolation during unstructured times.
  • Reluctance to join group work.
  • Heightened sensitivity to peer comments.

Do now

  • Structure groupings intentionally.
  • Assign clear roles within group work.
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EAL

EAL can create language-access barriers even where conceptual understanding is strong.

You might notice

  • Secure ideas in discussion but weaker written output in English.
  • Longer response time when task language is dense or abstract.
  • Misinterpretation of command words and exam-task verbs.

Do now

  • Model the expected response and show one worked example before independent work.
  • Pre-teach key vocabulary and command words for the lesson objective.
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Service Children

Service children may face mobility and deployment-related disruption that affects belonging and progress.

You might notice

  • Mid-year entry with curriculum sequence gaps across subjects.
  • Increased worry, distraction, or low mood around deployment periods.
  • Reluctance to join groups until peer trust is established.

Do now

  • Give a clear orientation to lesson routines and expected output.
  • Provide quick recap of prerequisite knowledge before new content.
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Persistent Absence & Attendance-Linked Vulnerability

Persistent absence often signals disconnection, anxiety, or external pressure; students need predictable routines, relational trust, and structured re-entry.

You might notice

  • Frequent absences clustered around particular subjects, days, or times.
  • Repeated late arrival, especially to specific lessons.
  • Return after absence with avoidance, silence, or low stamina.

Do now

  • Greet calmly and provide a clear first achievable task.
  • Avoid spotlighting the absence publicly.
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Mental Health & Emotional Wellbeing Needs

Students with mental health or emotional wellbeing needs often require emotional safety, reduced cognitive overload, and clear structure to sustain engagement.

You might notice

  • Frequent reassurance-seeking or avoidance of challenge.
  • Low energy, withdrawal, or tearfulness.
  • Panic before presentations or assessments.

Do now

  • Lower initial cognitive load.
  • Break tasks into smaller, clearly sequenced steps.
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Low Prior Attainment / Underachievement Pattern

Low prior attainment often requires explicit instruction, strong scaffolding, and frequent visible success to rebuild confidence and competence.

You might notice

  • Avoidance of written work.
  • Slow task start and rapid giving up.
  • Copying from peers.

Do now

  • Model the first step clearly.
  • Use worked examples before independent practice.
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Safeguarding Concerns: Abuse, Neglect, or Contextual Risk

Students experiencing abuse, neglect, or contextual risk require emotional safety, clear boundaries, and swift safeguarding coordination.

You might notice

  • Hypervigilance or exaggerated startle responses.
  • Sudden mood changes without clear school trigger.
  • Withdrawal or unusually compliant behaviour.

Do now

  • Prioritise safety and calm.
  • Follow safeguarding procedures immediately.
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Bereavement/Trauma

Bereavement and trauma can reduce readiness to learn through stress and grief responses.

You might notice

  • Sudden shifts in mood, focus, and frustration tolerance.
  • Heightened reactivity to reminders, sensory load, or perceived threat.
  • Withdrawal, shutdown, or avoidance during higher-demand tasks.

Do now

  • Reduce immediate cognitive load while preserving core learning intent.
  • Use calm voice, short instructions, and predictable sequencing.
View profile